Table 1: Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of overall study population.
|
|
Overall Study Population |
|
Age, mean (SD) |
66.8 (15.3) |
|
Median (IQR) |
69.0 (20.0) |
|
Sex, n (%) |
|
|
Female |
10,543,525 (55.3%) |
|
Race/Ethnicity, n (%) |
|
|
White |
11,545,196 (60.6%) |
|
Black or African American |
2,145,639 (11.3%) |
|
Asian, Native Hawaiian, or Other Pacific Islander |
616,230 (3.2%) |
|
Hispanic or Latino |
1,207,075 (6.3%) |
|
Unknown |
3,546,113 (18.6%) |
|
Census region, n (%) |
|
|
Northeast |
3,607,879 (18.9%) |
|
Midwest |
4,397,059 (23.1%) |
|
South |
7,172,552 (37.6%) |
|
West |
3,761,622 (19.7%) |
|
U.S. Territory/Unknown |
121,141 (0.6%) |
|
Urbanicity, n (%) |
|
|
Urban |
14,900,276 (78.2%) |
|
Rural |
3,390,354 (17.8%) |
|
Unknown |
769,623 (4.0%) |
|
Area Deprivation Index,* mean (SD) |
49.9 (26.1) |
|
Lowest (least deprived) quartile |
4,011,123 (21.0%) |
|
Second quartile |
5,267,057 (27.6%) |
|
Third quartile |
5,425,696 (28.5%) |
|
Highest (most deprived) quartile |
3,696,110 (19.4%) |
|
Unknown |
660,267 (3.5%) |
|
Payer type, n (%) |
|
|
Medicare † |
11,624,296 (61.0%) |
|
Commercial |
4,240,310 (22.2%) |
|
Managed Medicaid |
3,195,647 (16.8%) |
|
Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (ECI), mean (SD) |
3.7 (7.4) |
|
Median (IQR) |
0.0 (6.0) |
|
Metabolic clinical conditions, n (%) |
|
|
Type 2 Diabetes |
5,669,483 (29.7%) |
|
Obesity |
3,351,741 (17.6%) |
|
BMI Diagnosis Codes >30 |
3,604,148 (18.9%) |
|
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
439,196 (2.3%) |
|
Cardiorenal clinical conditions, n (%) |
|
|
Atrial fibrillation |
1,896,916 (10.0%) |
|
Stroke |
650,283 (3.4%) |
|
Myocardial infarction |
869,888 (4.6%) |
|
Heart failure |
1,768,552 (9.3%) |
|
Chronic kidney disease |
2,118,858 (11.1%) |
|
CKM stages, n (%) |
|
|
Stage 0 (no CKM risk factors)‡ |
0 (0.0%) |
|
Stage 1 (excess and/or dysfunctional adiposity)§ |
0 (0.0%) |
|
Stage 2 (metabolic risk factors or CKD)‖ |
11,912,451 (62.5%) |
|
Stage 3 (subclinical CVD in CKM)¶ |
2,441,262 (12.8%) |
|
Stage 4 (clinical CVD in CKM)# |
4,706,540 (24.7%) |
|
Months of follow-up, mean (SD) |
31.1 (17.2) |
|
Median (IQR) |
32.3 (31.6) |
BMI: Body Mass Index; CKM: Cardiovascular, Kidney, Metabolic; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; IQR: Interquartile Range; SD: Standard Deviation; U.S.: United States
*Area Deprivation Index is a measure of socioeconomic deprivation that includes factors for the domains of income, education, employment, and housing quality. Percentile rankings range from 1 to 100, with higher values indicating higher levels of deprivation.
† Includes the combined Medicare Fee-for-Service and Medicare Advantage populations.
‡ No diagnosis of any of the following: obesity, BMI diagnosis codes > 30, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, valvular disease.
‖ Diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, metabolic syndrome, NAFLD, CKD and no diagnosis of any of following: CVD, ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, valvular disease.
¶ Diagnosis of ischemic heart disease, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, valvular disease and no diagnosis of CVD.
# Diagnosis of heart failure, myocardial infarction, stroke, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia.