Duodenal lipomas are rare gastrointestional (GI) tumours. Due to their rarity and the uncertainty of their presentation, as the majority of these lesions are asymptomatic, these lesions are occasionally overlooked. Most patients experience symptoms in lesions > 2 cm in diameter. These lesions can present with GI haemorrhage, bowel obstruction and abdominal pain or discomfort. Symptomatic duodenal lipoma requires excision. Endoscopic excision is the suggested course of treatment. Endoscopic excision for big or sessile lesions may be technically challenging and increase the risk of bleeding and perforation. Thus, surgical excision would be the recommended method in such circumstances. We report a case of duodenal lipoma causing recurrent duodenal obstruction requiring surgical management.
Duodenal lipoma, Duodenal obstruction, Surgery, Giant duodenal polyp
Duodenal lipomas are rare gastrointestional (GI) tumours, most frequently ocurring in the second part of duodenum. They are mostly asymptomatic and found incidentally on endoscopy. When symptomatic, they can also present with GI haemorrhage, bowel obstruction and pain or discomfort in the abdomen. Symptomatic duodenal lipoma requires excision. If the lesion is polypoid and of manageable size, endoscopic excision is the suggested course of treatment. Endoscopic excision for big or sessile lesions may be technically challenging and increase the risk of bleeding and perforation. Thus, surgical excision would be the recommended method in such circumstances.
A 69-year-old lady, presented to emergency department, with complaints of recurrent abdominal pain, located in epigastric and central abdomen, non-radiating, associated with bilious vomiting since few weeks. She had past history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy done for symptomatic gall stones, a few years back. She had history of left knee osteoarthritis and sciatica for few years and was taking occasional pain killers. She was a known case of diabetes and hypertension. Clinical examination was unremarkable. No abdominal tenderness or distension. She was evaluated with USG abdomen which was suggestive of grade 2 fatty liver. CECT abdomen was done which showed a subcentrimetric fat attenuation lesion in the lumen of proximal jejunum (10 mm size) with linear enhancing area (length 10 cm), arising from duodenojejunal junction - ? pedunculated lipomatous or fibrovascular polyp (Figure 1).
Figure 1: Coronal (a) and axial (b) view of CECT abdomen showing fat attenuation polyp near DJ flexure. View Figure 1
She underwent UGI endoscopy which revealed mild antral gastritis and duodenitis with elongated pedunculated polyp arising from 3 rd or 4 th part of duodenum and filling duodenal lumen (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Endoscopic view of the 4th part of the duodenum showing a pedunculated mass with smooth mucosa, filling duodenal lumen. View Figure 2
Endoscopic removal of the polyp could not be done in view of unfavourable polyp location. She was taken for surgery in view of recurrent duodenal obstruction.
Intraoperatively, an elongated polyp was palpable at DJ flexure. Enterotomy was done at proximal jejunum and polyp was brought out for examination (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Showing enterotomy near DJ flexure to examine base of polyp. View Figure 3
Base of polyp was arising from 4 th part of duodenum (Figure 4).
Figure 4: Showing base of polyp arising from 4th part of duodenum. View Figure 4
Enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were present in proximal jejunal mesentery. Duodenojejunal resection (D3, D4, proximal jejunum) + duodeno-jejunal anastomosis + feeding jejunostomy was done (Figure 5).
Figure 5: Operative specimen showing elongated pedunculated/stalked polyp arising from 4th part of duodenum. (a) Gross specimen (b) Duodenum cut open to reveal polyp base. View Figure 5
FJ trial was started on postoperative day 1 and gradually increased to full FJ feeds which she tolerated well. NG tube was removed on postop day 4 and she was allowed oral liquids, gradually increased to soft diet by postop day 6. Abdominal drain was removed on postop day 6 and patient was discharged on postop day 6.
Final histopathology of the specimen was duodenal polypoid lipoma - 7.5 × 1.5 × 1 cm (Figure 6 and Figure 7).
Figure 6: Duodenal Lipoma- Microphotograph showing mature adipocytes and congested vessels in the submucosa of the duodenal wall (H and E- 40X). View Figure 6
Figure 7: Duodenal Lipoma- Microphotograph showing mature adipocytes and congested vessels in the submucosa (H and E 100 X). View Figure 7
Duodenal lipomas are rare gastrointestional (GI) tumours and make up 4% of all GI lipomas. The large intestine (64%), small intestine (26%), duodenum (4%), stomach (3%), and oesophagus (2%), are the GI tract's most frequent locations for lipomas [1]. Although duodenal lipoma can develop in any part of the duodenum, they most frequently do so in the second part [2]. They are mostly asymptomatic and found incidentally on endoscopy. When symptomatic, they can also present with GI haemorrhage, bowel obstruction and pain or discomfort in the abdomen. The median age at presentation was 62.7 years, with slight female preponderance [3].
Duodenal lipomas can be sessile or pedunculated. In majority of cases, they are pedunculated.
Uncertainty surrounds the pathophysiology of duodenal lipomas; it could result from inflammatory stimulation, fat accumulation, or aberrant gonadal hormone release from the anterior pituitary [4]. Due to their rarity and the uncertainty of their presentations -the majority of tiny lesions are asymptomatic- these lesions are occasionally overlooked. 80% of patients experience symptoms in lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter [5].
With 46.4% of cases, melena is the most frequent presenting symptom, followed by postprandial fullness and stomach pain. GI haemorrhage, intestinal obstruction, intussusception, anaemia, and anaemia are other manifestations that have been documented in the literature [6].
Computed tomography (CT), shows lipoma as a low density fat attenuation lesion. These lesions can also be precisely detected by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging where the lipoma shows up as hyperintense on T1-weighted MR images and reduction of signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging and loss of signal intensity on T1- and T2-weighted fat-suppressed images [7]. The diagnosis of duodenal lipomas can benefit greatly from EUS. All eight lesions in the eight patients in Chen, et al.'s case series with a pathological diagnosis of DLs were described as intense homogeneous hyperechoic lesions [8]. Additionally, EUS can offer important information about depth and invasion.
Symptomatic duodenal lipomas require excision [9]. If the lesion is polypoid and of manageable size, endoscopic excision is the suggested course of treatment [10,11]. Endoscopic excision for big or sessile lesions may be technically challenging and increase the risk of bleeding and perforation. Thus, surgical excision would be the recommended method in such circumstances.
Intestinal obstruction due to duodenal lipoma is a rare occurrence, especially occurring in large duodenal lipomas. These require excision, either endoscopic or surgical. Large or sessile lesions pose a risk of bleeding and perforation, for endoscopic removal. Surgical excision is prudent in such scenarios.
Nil.
All authors contributed equally for this work.