Table 2: Participant Characteristics.
|
Author, year |
Intervention |
Sample Size |
Age |
Sex |
Race |
Comorbidities |
|
Beltrami, 2022 [1] |
Pre |
58 |
Mean: 58.7 |
Male: 38 (65.5%) Female 20 (35.5%) |
White: 51(87.9%) |
Hypertension, Heart Failure, Diabetes, Ischemic Heart Disease |
|
Post |
55 |
Mean: 62.6 |
Male: 40 (72.7%) Female: 15(27.3%) |
White: 47 (85.5%) |
Hypertension, Heart Failure, Diabetes, Ischemic Heart Disease |
|
|
Boyko, 2017 [19] |
Control |
17 |
Mean: 67 |
Male: 9(53%) Female: 8(47%) |
Not Reported |
Pneumonia, COPD, hemorrhage, Sepsis, Neurologic Disease |
|
Intervention |
17 |
Mean: 67 |
Male: 9(53%) Female: 8(47%) |
Not Reported |
Pneumonia, COPD, Hemmorhage, Sepsis, Neurologic Disease |
|
|
Chen, 2022 [12] |
Pre |
37 |
Mean: 66.78 |
Male: 27(73%) |
Not Reported |
Hypertension Coronary Artery Disease, all patients had undergone surgery for the first time. |
|
Post |
30 |
Mean: 64.97 |
Male: 22(73.3%) |
Not Reported |
Hypertension Coronary Artery Disease, all patients had undergone surgery for the first time. |
|
|
Darby, 2022 [13] |
Pre |
78 |
Median: 69 |
Male: 43(55.1%) Female: 35(44.9%) |
Caucasian - 40(51.3%) |
Respiratory Failure, Gastrointestinal, Non pulmonary Sepsis Cardiovascular, Other |
|
Post |
84 |
Median: 58 |
Male: 40(47.6%) Female: 44(52.4%) |
Caucasian - 44(52.4%) |
Respiratory Failure, Gastrointestinal, Non pulmonary Sepsis Cardiovascular, Other |
|
|
Jinglin, 2019 [14] |
Pre |
34 |
Mean: 66.7 |
Male: 18 (52.9%) |
Not Reported |
Patients Hospitalized for various conditions including: CNS, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gi/GU |
|
Post |
38 |
Mean: 60.6 |
Male - 21(43.8%) |
Not Reported |
Patients Hospitalized for various conditions including:CNS, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Gi/GU |
|
|
Kamdar, 2013 [15] |
Pre |
122 |
Mean: 54 |
Male = 68(55.7%) Female = 54(44.3%) |
White-49(40.2%) |
Not Reported |
|
Post |
178 |
Mean: 54 |
Male = 85(47.7%) Female = 93(52.3%) |
White-82(46.1%) |
Not Reported |
|
|
Locihova, 2020 [16] |
Pre |
40 |
Mean: 65.7 |
Male: 9 (45%) Female: 11(55%) |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
|
Post |
40 |
Mean: 66.2 |
Male: 11(55%) Female: 9 (45%) |
Not Reported |
Not Reported |
|
|
Patel, 2014 [17] |
Pre |
167 |
Mean: 60 |
Male = 85(51%) Female = 85(49%) |
Not Reported |
Respiratory, Cardiovascular, General Surgery, Urology, Neurosurgery |
|
Post |
171 |
Mean: 60.6 |
Male = 91(53%) Female = 80(47%) |
Not Reported |
Respiratory, Cardiovascular, General Surgery, Urology, Neurosurgery |
|
|
Tonna, 2021 [2] |
Pre |
332 |
Mean: 58 |
Male = 214 (64%) Female = 118 (36%) |
Caucasian- 274(83%) Hispanic/Latino ethnicity- 24(7%) |
General surgery, cardiac surgery, trauma surgery |
|
Post |
314 |
Mean: 58 |
Male = 206 (66%) Female = 108 (34%) |
Caucasian-261(83%) Hispanic/Latino ethnicity- 25(8%) |
General surgery, cardiac surgery, trauma surgery |
|
|
Topcu, 2022 [18] |
Pre |
37 |
Mean: 68.9 |
Male = 22(55%) Female = 18(45%) |
Not Reported |
Not reported however roughly 50% of participants had hearing or visual impairments. |
|
Post |
37 |
Mean: 73.3 |
Male = 23(60%) Female = 15(40%) |
Not Reported |
Not reported however roughly 50% of participants had hearing or visual impairments. |