Comparative attributes of conventional FI management options versus closed-loop automated stool management.

Table 2: Comparative attributes of conventional FI management options versus closed-loop automated stool management.

Attribute	Adult diapers	Absorbent pads	IBCs (e.g., Flexi-Seal)	Qoramatic ASM
System type	Open	Open	Semi-closed (balloon-anchored)	Closed-loop
Containment of liquid stool	Poor	Poor to moderate	Variable; balloon migration common	High
Reported leakage	Frequent	Frequent in high-output FI	40-78%	1.8% (≤1% post-implementation)
Mucosal injury risk	None (skin only)	None (skin only)	7-28% device-related injury	None reported
Nursing time per patient per day	High (frequent changes)	174-348 minutes	~66-120 minutes (per IBC literature)	~6.8 min initial; ~0.4 min follow-up
Use in anticoagulated / fragile patients	Permitted	Permitted	Cautionary or contraindicated	Permitted (zero radial pressure)
Environmental contamination footprint	High	High	Moderate	Low

IBC: indwelling balloon catheter. Qoramatic ASM data are from the pivotal 20-patient single-center evaluation and post-market surveillance (data on file). IBC parameters reflect peer-reviewed literature [6].